England

A.L. Rowse charts how three centuries of British historians have produced many different interpretations of the great Queen’s character.

The refugee supporters of the House of Stuart, explains Bruce Lehman, made new lives for themselves as Europeans, achieving success as bankers, merchants, soldiers, churchmen and diplomats.

On 15 January 1559, England’s 25-year-old sovereign left Whitehall to be crowned Queen. 

The evolution of a saint and his dragon.

At first the English withstood the Norman attack of 1066. But soon they succumbed to the invaders, as did their virile language of record. An article by H.R. Loyn.

J. H. M. Salmon looks at Romantic literary interpretations of Oliver Cromwell.

Picture postcards may seem a commonplace means of communication, but, when they first came into use, they caused a revolution in people’s writing habits. T.J. Brady writes how they led to the creation of a considerable industry and became the subject of a collecting craze almost unparallelled.

Bryan Little pays an architectural visit to the famous city on the Avon.

C.V. Wedgwood challenges the accepted view of Charles I's fated minister, Thomas Wentworth.

Michael Jaffe traces the relationship between king and master.